药用植物富贵菜的研究现状与展望

富贵菜(Gynura divaricata DC.)是中国民间传统的药食兼用型多年生草本植物资源,具有清热、凉血、止痛、调节免疫、降血糖和抗肿瘤的功效。对富贵菜国内外研究进展进行了综述,内容涉及植物学特性、生态学特性、营养与保健、采后保鲜、栽培繁殖病虫害防治、功能化学成分及药理作用研究等方面。并在对其所存在的问题进行初步讨论的基础上,提出在加强种植资源遗传多样性研究与保护的同时,开展现在育种技术和栽培技术的研究,结合新兴生物技术和药理研究,开展富贵菜资源的综合运用。     

Variability in the reproductive biology and in resistance against Cotesia sesamiae among two Busseola fusca populations

Two mitotypes of Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) named KI and KII, co‐exist in Kenya. Individuals of KII are more widely distributed than those of KI. The present study assessed whether this was due to differences in their reproductive potential and/or in their resistance to the braconid Cotesia sesamiae Cameron, which is the most common larval parasitoid of B. fusca in the region. Two populations of the parasitoid, one from the coastal and one from the inland regions of Kenya, which differ in their ability to develop in B. fusca, were tested. Virgin KII females started to call sooner during the night than KI females. Female fecundity and egg viability were significantly lower for the heterogamous than the homogamous crosses. Cotesia sesamiae from the inland produced larger progeny in KI than in KII host. Cotesia sesamiae from the coast did not develop in either host. Despite their long time co‐existence in the same geographical area, KII and KI conserved biological differences in terms of time of calling, fecundity, fertility and resistance against the larval parasitoid, C. sesamiae. This might explain the wider distribution of KII as compared to KI in Kenya.     

The parasitoid fly Exorista japonica uses visual and olfactory cues to locate herbivore‐infested plants

Some parasitoid flies exploit odors derived from plants as olfactory cues for locating the food plants of host insects, but the role of visual cues associated with plants remains largely unknown. The generalist tachinid Exorista japonica Townsend (Diptera: Tachinidae) is attracted to odors derived from maize plants [Zea mays L. (Poaceae)] infested by the larvae of Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In this study, we examined the effects of visual parameters on the olfactory attraction of female flies to host‐infested plants. A paper plant model of one of four colors (blue, green, yellow, or red) was placed in front of a host‐infested plant, which was hidden behind a mesh screen in a wind tunnel. The landing rate of females was significantly higher on the green plant model than on the other three models. When an achromatic plant model of one of four gray scales (white, light gray, dark gray, or black) was tested, the response rate of females was significantly higher towards the white model and decreased as the brightness of models decreased. Few female flies responded to the green plant model without odors of the host‐infested plants. When the four color plant models were placed together in a cage filled with odors of host‐infested plants, females remained significantly longer on the green model than on the other three models. These results showed that E. japonica females preferred the color green when odors of the host‐infested plants were present and suggest that E. japonica uses visual as well as olfactory cues to locate the host habitat.     

The impact of Bt maize as a natal host on adult head capsule width in field populations of western corn rootworm

The success of the current resistance management plan for transgenic maize, Zea mays L. (Poaceae), targeting the rootworm complex hinges upon high rates of mating between resistant and susceptible beetles. However, differences in the fitness of adult beetles could result in assortative mating, which could, in turn, change the rate of resistance evolution. Adult head capsule widths of naturally occurring populations of western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), were examined in a variety of refuge configurations. Beetles were classified into treatments based on the hybrid – non‐Bt refuge or Bt maize targeting larval rootworms (hereafter Bt‐RW maize) – and location – proximity to other Bt‐RW or refuge plants – of the natal host plant. Treatments included the following: a refuge plant surrounded by other refuge plants, a refuge plant located near a Bt‐RW plant, a Bt‐RW plant surrounded by Bt‐RW plants, and a Bt‐RW plant located near a refuge plant. The mean head capsule width of males emerging from Bt‐RW plants was significantly smaller than the mean head capsule width of males emerging from refuge plants. These results indicate that males emerging from Bt‐RW maize plants may be exposed to sublethal doses of the Bt toxin as larvae. No differences were detected between females emerging from refuge plants compared with Bt‐RW plants. Overall mean head capsule width decreased as the season progressed, regardless of treatment. The diminished head capsule width of western corn rootworm males emerging from Bt‐RW maize may act to enhance resistance management, particularly in a seed mix refuge system.     

大田环境下转Bt基因玉米对土壤酶活性的影响

在大田自然条件下,比较研究了转Bt基因玉米和非转基因亲本玉米在种植和秸秆分解时对土壤酶活性影响的差异。结果表明,与亲本非转基因玉米相比,在各生育期内种植转Bt玉米对土壤蛋白酶和土壤脲酶活性均没有显著影响;在喇叭口期和抽雄期,土壤蔗糖酶和土壤酸性磷酸酶活性显著提高。在秸秆还田后,两种玉米秸秆对土壤酸性磷酸酶活性的影响没有显著差异,但使用转Bt玉米秸秆的土壤蔗糖酶、土壤脲酶和土壤蛋白酶的活性则有显著提高。与亲本玉米相比,在所有观测期内,种植Bt玉米及秸秆还田对土壤酶活性的影响,在影响的幅度及趋势上随玉米生育期和土壤酶种类的不同而产生差异,但没有观测到显著不利影响;商业化Bt玉米的环境释放仍有待长期定位观测和评价。     

枣种质缩果病抗性多样性研究

为充分发掘抗缩果病枣种质资源,对保存于河北沧县（2006年~2009年,77个品种）及山西太原（2006年~2007年,53个品种）和山西太谷（2006年,231个品种）的共268个枣品种资源进行了田间缩果病抗性调查。结果表明,枣品种间缩果病抗性差异显著,其中病果率变幅为0%~66.18%、变异系数为2.01,病情指数变幅为0%~55.06%、变异系数为2.46;同一品种的发病程度因年份和地点不同而有明显差异。根据在发病严重的沧县枣资源圃连续4年（2006~2009）的观测结果,枣品种的缩果病抗性可分为高抗、抗病、中抗、感病和高感5类,相应的平均缩果率分别为5%以下、5%~10%、10%~15%、15%~25%和25%以上;在沧县的77个品种中,表现高抗、抗病、中抗、感病、高感的品种分别占调查总数的80.52%,2.60%,7.79%,6.49%和2.60%。在我国主栽枣树品种中,金丝小枣、圆铃枣、长红、冬枣等为高抗品种,婆枣、壶瓶枣为高感品种。本研究表明,我国有着非常丰富的抗缩果病枣树种质资源。     

20份新编目入国家烟草种质库的烤烟种质的鉴定和分析

为将20份新收集（引进）、选育的烤烟种质资源入国家种质库进行编目和保存,对各种质进行田间鉴定评价,结果表明,云烟317、云烟201、云烟202、云烟203、PVH09和RGH51等品种抗或中抗黑胫病、根结线虫病、青枯病、TMV等主要病害中的2种以上,产量适中、品质较好,已经全国烟草品种审定委员会审（认）定,其余种质资源在田间生长正常,白花大金元、江川地方种、大有种和人民六队-15黑胫病较重。田间试验获得了各种质的生育期、形态特征、主要农艺性状、经济性状、原烟外观质量、化学成分和主要病害等数据资料,拍摄了各种质的植株、叶片、花序、花冠和蒴果的照片,按规定上交合格种子并入库保存,获得的资料全部上交给中国农业科学院烟草研究所,用于中国烟草种质资源信息系统和共享平台建设,为丰富国家种质库以及今后持续利用种质资源奠定良好基础。     

不同年限免耕秸秆覆盖对土壤活性有机碳和碳库管理指数的影响

为探明渭北旱塬免耕秸秆覆盖对春玉米田土壤活性有机碳(LOC)、碳库管理指数(CMI)和作物产量的影响,进而明确该区免耕覆盖的适宜年限,于2001-2010年在陕西合阳县旱农试验站,设置了不同年限处理:1年(S1)、3年(S3)、5年(S5)、8年(S8)和10年(S10)的免耕秸秆覆盖定位试验,以常规耕作(CK)和10年免耕不覆盖(CK)为对照.结果表明:与CK相比,S1、S3、S5、S8和S10处理0～10 cm土层土壤有机碳(TOC)质量分数分别提高7.6％、13.5％、25.4％、48.6％和79.0％:LOC分别提高40.1％、51.5％、102.4％、78.4％和75.3％;CMI分别提高49.4％、61.2％、126.8％、85.4％和75.3％.春玉米产量、全氮、全磷和有效磷分别与LOC和CMI呈极显著相关(P＜0.01),而与TOC无显著相关性.本研究表明,LOC和CMI较TOC更能快速准确地反映不同年限免耕覆盖对土壤碳库和玉米产量的影响,可以作为渭北旱塬免耕秸秆覆盖生态效应的评价指标,且该区覆盖年限以5～8年为宜.     

耐除草剂玉米G1105E-823C定性检测方法

转基因耐除草剂玉米G1105E-823C是经过改造的转mG2-aroA基因耐草甘膦玉米新品系,具有更高的草甘膦耐受性,目前已完成生产性试验,具有重要的产业化应用前景。但目前尚无针对G1105E-823C的转化体特异性检测方法的相关报道,这十分不利于对该品系的检测及监管。基于此,以G1105E-823C转化体特异性序列为靶标,建立了转基因耐除草剂玉米G1105E-823C的普通PCR和实时荧光PCR定性检测方法。结果表明,2种方法均能检测出转基因耐除草剂玉米G1105E-823C转化体成分,且具有较高的特异性。普通PCR检测方法检出限达0.1%,实时荧光PCR检测方法检出限达0.05%。研究建立的2种定性检测方法为转基因耐除草剂玉米G1105E-823C的精准检测提供了新的技术手段,可为农业转基因监管提供技术支撑。